Growing Old Together, Gracefully

What do you think about when you hear the words "retirement" or "empty nest"? If you're like most young people, you probably haven't given it much thought up until now. It seems so far away, and with a family to raise, who has time to worry about it? But let's take a moment, though, shall we?

For young people with children, an empty nest or retirement may seem like a long-awaited reward for a life well-lived. I hope this is true for all of us, but like most things, it has to be intentional to work out the way we hope. Of course, staying physically fit and healthy as well as preparing financially for later years is important for full enjoyment. (By the way, did you know that Social Security only provides enough to allow you to live merely a few dollars above the poverty line? Scary but true.) There are a lot of things worthy of consideration and planning before the end of the working family phase is done. But, aside from the practical aspects, other aspects need to be planned for as well.


After decades of having her life revolve around her children, empty nesting is hardest on the woman. The desire to nurture doesn't disappear just because she's sent all her children out into the world. Depression and feelings of worthlessness can easily set in.

Serving her husband or neighbors is just not the same as nurturing a child into adulthood. She could try, but adults are a bit more likely to resent a woman reminding them to eat their vegetables and put on a coat.

Similarly, when a man stops going to work every day to provide for the family, his sense of self-worth can really take a hit. He is likely very proud of the work he has done in all those previous years. He has just as likely invested much of his identity into being a good husband and father based on his work identity. What defines him now?

Occasionally, life-changing events will occur before her children are gone and before he cracks one last groan-worthy joke at his retirement party. These need equal attention, regardless of when they may occur. 

The middle-aged couple may find themselves caring for elderly parents while they still have children of their own at home. They may begin losing peers to premature death. It's not just sad to lose friends, but a person's own mortality becomes very real and very scary when those their age pass away. Declining health is another trial that nearly all adults will face at some point. With increasing healthcare costs, it's wise to have some money set aside for all those medications you'll likely need.

So, it isn't all that hard to imagine why depression after life-altering events is not uncommon. Fortunately, this type of melancholy is usually temporary as aging adults adjust to a new normal. But, just because something is common, doesn't mean that the degree of the effects can't be mitigated.

It is often recommended that both men and women retire to something rather than just from something. Having something to look forward to can be very helpful in maintaining a feeling of usefulness and fulfillment.

Learning at a young age how to find joy in hobbies, talents, and service outside of your family will help things feel normal when family life changes. It can ground you and give you joy during difficult transitions.

I love that, through His church, a loving Savior has provided means for all of God's children to make important contributions to the building of the kingdom. Even when the world would tell them that they've outlived their usefulness or that their views are out of date and old-fashioned, aging adults can find meaning and purpose in the kingdom. There's temple service, family history, missionary work and many other opportunities to serve.


These can be life-saving activities for many aging adults, but as mentioned before, it is equally important that this phase in life also honors their hobbies and playful side.

Retirees should also continue or resume dating with a new focus on their relationship. One that emphasizes each other rather than the kids. A re-focusing of family life to a couple life can be exhilarating for some, but if your marriage has been wrought with unresolved conflict, it can be downright frustrating. This is something that many new retirees neglect to plan for; all the time they will have together - alone. It's kind of important that you like each other quite a lot. The time has come to let go of past hurts and forge onward with new goals, a new outlook on life and a reinvigorated sense of unity.

My husband once asked me if I was planning on having a career after college. I said, "Yes, in some way, shape or form. I'd like that." He then teasingly asked me what would happen if the grandkids wanted to visit. I told him they would have to call first because I had no intention of sitting in a rocking chair waiting for my kids to show up a couple times a year! Though a playful exchange, I realized at that moment that we would need to discuss our individual visions of empty-nester life and make sure we are both happy with what we decide this new phase of life should be like. No matter what my individual dreams are, I have to consider, compromise, and make them work with the one man whom I have chosen to take this life's journey.

Hawkins, A., Dollahite, D., & Draper, T. (2012). Successful Marriages and Families: Proclamation                  Principles and Research Perspectives. Provo, Utah: BYU Studies.

Work and Play the Family Way

I love this picture! The first thing I saw was a family that's having a great time playing together. In and of itself, that is a wonderful sight to behold. But, take a closer look. Dad has a bucket and there are towels on the hood of the car and on the ground. A deeper analysis of this picture is not a family playing together but a family enjoying working together. In my interpretation of this picture, the family was washing the car when a water fight broke out.

Family work can be fun? Now that's inspiring!

Something that impressed me when learning about family work is that it is best done together. Together meaning at the same time and within sight (or close earshot) of each other. In this day and age, we are often so busy that family chores have become a dreadfully isolating event that each family member individually tries to get through as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, this is considered the "ideal" situation. Many families have husbands and children who are merely beneficiaries of homemaking and chores, not contributors.

So, how do you get your children to help with family chores? Though I have not studied the developmental stages of children in any great depth, having teens and young adults of my own, I have developed a sense of how children are motivated at different stages. I'm no expert, but here's what I know about how kids think. First, they will do anything for you. Next, they will do anything for treats and toys. Eventually, they'll do anything to be left alone. Finally, they'll do as little as possible while still maintaining access to their phone and a car. That's it. Tina's four developmental stages of motivation for children. It's not super scientific, but deep down I think we all know it's true. I'm not saying that children are bad. They just don't have a motivational aspect to their personalities that extend beyond their own desires until they're older.

Additionally, somewhere during the second or third phase, they learn the word "fair". Once this word has been discovered, children tend to spend and an inordinate amount of time determining which things are not. It's mystifying to me how all (first world) children universally define fairness the same way. Which, of course, is completely and narcissistically wrong. In essence, children define fairness as nothing unpleasant ever happening to them, getting everything they ask for, and never having to do anything that helps someone else - ever. Self-care chores like cleaning their own rooms or doing their own laundry are only fair in a technical sense but still, somehow, morally wrong. Also, the only requirement for fairness of desireable things, is that no one gets more than them. Others getting less is fine. I can't define this as a stage because this thought process seems to have no definable universal beginning and in many cases no end whatsoever. Our society as a whole needs to better understand the difference between what's unfair and what's unfortunate. But, that's a topic for a whole other blog.

Bless our little one's precious underdeveloped brains. We love them anyway, don't we? Here's what's important to know. Fairness to children (and some adults) is often a visual thing. If they see someone eating a cupcake, they should get one too. If they have to clean the bathroom, their siblings should have equally unpleasant tasks and have to do them at the same time. This is great news for you! You can use their sense of fairness to get them to help out, And who knows, they may even look back (many, many years down the road) and be grateful for it.

This has worked for many generations before ours. Historically, family work has not only been done side by side but at a slower more patient pace. A father would take all the time he needed to teach his sons how to properly care for a garden. A mother would spend days, months, or years teaching her daughters how to create wholesome meals from scratch. This type of time and patience cultivated a family bond that drew a family together. Today, men leave and go to work and children go to school, leaving the mother with all the responsibility for caring for the home. Couple that with the fact that women often work these days too, and there isn't much time left for achieving the ever-increasing standards of cleanliness, interior design, and organization a "normal" home should maintain. Rather than an essential training element, isolationist home-making has become one of the many distractions from effective parenthood.

I tried something new in my family and it worked like a charm. Keep in mind that my children are older, so I recommend adapting your strategy to how each of your children sees the world and their particular motivational stage and needs.

My youngest has no concept of urgency and only a visual sense of fairness. So, if everyone is working and she has been asked to help, she will grudgingly help. In the past, when I have asked her to help, and she doesn't see anyone else working, she "gets distracted and forgets". You know this move, don't you? The work doesn't get done because she literally sees it as unfair. Working together is easier for my teen because she cannot argue that she is unfairly burdened. My young adults have passed this phase and just want to get it done so they can go do what they want. They work fulltime so their personal time is precious. They also have more of a sense of adult responsibility and will work alone if asked, but of course, they hate it and still think it's unfair. Understandable; their little sister is getting away with procrastinating until everyone forgets that anything was asked of her, or someone else does her job.

So, here's how the experiment worked. After dinner, and before anyone was able to get involved in doing something else, I declared a family work session. We all spent a few minutes cleaning the shared areas of the house. I washed the dishes, my husband cleaned the bathroom, and the kids worked within sight of each other tidying the dining room and living room. It was done in a matter of minutes and I was relieved and happy that things were clean-ish. They were happy that it was over and could get back to more important matters (video games and whatnot).

The point is, I used their individual motivations as leverage to help them encourage each other. All of my children were satisfied that the work was evenly distributed. My husband and I were elated that it was done at the time it was asked. The older kids were glad it was done quickly. This may not work as well with small children with different motivations, but if you spend a little time trying to figure out what is most important to them, you can figure out a way to combine each child's motivations against them. . . er. . . I mean, to help each other out while whistling a happy tune!

The Family: A Proclamation to the World, states that successful families are built on (among other things) work and wholesome recreational activities. It seems impossible to ever get caught up around the house so that we can actually spend some time together relaxing as a family. But, I think that is exactly the point. It is precisely the things that require sacrifice, effort, and dedication that signal to our brains that something is important, worthwhile and worthy of our time and attention.

For many of us, it's difficult to imagine taking time away to do something fun with our families when we always feel the pressure that we are falling behind. Federal holidays are usually the big winners here because it's the most likely time that nobody has to be anywhere or do anything for someone outside our own homes. But doesn't our family need to do things together more than five times a year? Of course! Also, let's be honest, we've all made Labor Day a federal "clean the garage day" before, am I right?

Naturally, we don't need to plan an entire day, weekend or even a two-week vacation in order to spend time together. But, we should absolutely take the trouble to intentionally do things together as families on a regular basis. Think of the memories you have of spending time with your family as a child. While the big events like Thanksgiving and Christmas often blur together, we remember very clearly that time we went camping and it rained all night while we stayed up and told stories. We remember going to the ocean and rolling down the sand dunes like a log. We remember visiting our cousins and getting sunburned because we played out on the trampoline too long. It may seem frivolous or even unwise to drop all the responsibilities of home to go play with our families. But, as I've gotten older, I've realized that I spent way too much time worrying about what my house looked like and how far behind I was, and not nearly enough time leaving it to go play with my kids.

Women are just as susceptible to falling victim to the old adage, that no one ever laid on their death bed wishing they had spent more time at work. If you wait until you're "caught up" before you plan family time, you will never have family time. Leave the laundry and go play!

How do you recreate as a family? How have you taught your children the value of work? Share your experiences if you have overcome the perfectionist tendency to do all the work yourself or to neglect fun for all the busyness around you.



Hawkins, A., Dollahite, D., & Draper, T. (2012). Successful Marriages and Families: Proclamation                  Principles and Research Perspectives. Provo, Utah: BYU Studies.

Prayer and Forgiveness in Marriage

As members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, we are commanded to pray. We are to pray in the morning, in the evening, alone in our closets, in our "fields" (work?), in our families, in our marriages, in the temple, in church, before we read our scriptures, to begin and end meetings, pray for our enemies, and keep a prayer in our hearts always. Even a song in Christ's name is a prayer unto Him. Whew! That's a lot of praying! The only prayer that seems to come naturally for my family is praying over the food, which I don't know was ever officially commanded. But hey, whatever gets us praying! 

I remember kneeling across the altar from my soon to be husband and having the sealer counsel us to pray as a couple every day. This, I understand, is a pretty common counsel given to newlyweds. Why? Because the trials are coming and God is the glue that holds the marriage together when we become weary and weak. 

Prayer does a number of things for a marriage. First and foremost, it sanctifies your union and allows God to bless and preserve it. It creates a sense of holiness within the individuals in that union that has been shown to reduce infidelity and divorce. Second, it helps to bind a couple to cooperative goals and keeps them working together down the same path with guidance and inspiration from God. Finally, it promotes humility and facilitates forgiveness and healing.

In all the praying you're doing, don't neglect daily couple prayer. Prayer creates a healthy and vital relationship with protective and curative properties. It's your marital leafy greens!

Now that we've sung the praises of the wonderful blessings of couple prayer, let's switch gears and address the hard stuff. 

There will be times when your spouse is insensitive, selfish, hurtful or just plain mean. How do you know this will happen? Because, sometimes you're insensitive, selfish, hurtful and mean, and you're a good person! Still, you know you should shake it off and go have your nightly couple prayer, but you just don't feel like bonding with that so-and-so, who is mumbling some nonsense about it being all your fault, in the other room.

Well, far be it from me to assume I know what's going on with you two crazy kids, but here are some useful steps to help you move through the emotions so you can get to a place of forgiveness according to science. 

Step 1. Recall the hurt. O.k., I know this seems like a strange way to start. But, some people really do skip this. In a misguided attempt to be Christ-like, or to avoid the pain or embarrassment of acknowledging wrongdoing, some people will default to brushing off a painful incident as though there was no offense. This is extremely unhealthy and doesn't honor your self-worth. In order to forgive, you have to acknowledge that something inappropriate happened.

Step 2. Empathize. This step is not to be confused with making excuses for the wrongdoer. This is a common mistake for those who like to skip Step 1. Excuses promote abuses. (Yep, I made that up just now. Too bad memes don't pay). So, in other words, making excuses is saying, it's ok that you did the wrong thing because you had a good reason. Empathy, on the other hand, is simply saying I understand why you hurt me.

To properly empathize, we try to understand and feel the wrongdoer's feelings and reasonings. We try to understand where they are coming from and whether the wrongdoing was intentional or as egregious in their minds as it is in ours. We attempt to get on the same page about the intention and inappropriateness of what occurred.

Step 3. Offer the altruistic gift of forgiveness. This selfless act releases you and your offender from any obligation to rehash the offense. It is given out of love and caring for the other (or the Savior, if that's all you've got right now) with the benefit of allowing you the space to move on and heal.

Step 4. Commit publically to forgive. While this seems extreme in the case of a little lover's quarrel, it's highly useful in more damaging acts of victimization, so I've included it as a point of interest. Still, it can be useful in the healing process if done semi-publically. Committing to your spouse that you have forgiven the offense may be enough. However, a stronger commitment may come by telling a therapist or bishop. You may even find a little private resolution by writing your commitment in your journal or in a letter you never intend to send. Do whatever seems appropriate to the situation.

Step 5. Hold on to forgiveness. Forgiveness doesn't always replace the pain of being wronged. The memories and trauma of an injury can resurface from time to time. It's good to remember that just because you haven't forgotten the pain, doesn't mean you didn't really forgive. This goes for repentance as well. Use the memories of the experience as an opportunity to reinforce the fact that you have already forgiven and let the incident go. This will give you strength when you will likely need to forgive again.

The next obvious question is, what do you do when your spouse is a repeat offender? The honest answer is. . . I don't know. I'm only a sophomore and we haven't covered that yet. But, I suppose you should have lots of conversations with "I statements". For example, 'I feel unimportant to you when you don't. . .', or 'I felt stupid when you mentioned. . . to my family', and so on.

I do think clear boundaries are important. You can't even attempt step one of the forgiveness process until you know what boundary was crossed. Maybe that's another reason some people skip step one. They don't even know what their boundaries are. Clear boundaries and expectations allow others to know the best ways to show their love for you. Give them this gift.

Speaking of gifts. . .

As the semester comes to a close, my thoughts are turned to the upcoming Christmas season! I hope that in all of your fabulous family festivities you set some time aside to nurture the most important relationship in your life.

What are some definite boundaries for you? What boundaries are regularly being crossed because, now that you think about it, you've never said, "Hey, that's a boundary. Don't cross it."? 

Has couple prayer blessed your marriage in some magnificent way that you'd love to share?

Also, if you have any brilliant ideas about repeat offenders, I'd love to hear those too! 

(I have teenagers.)

Hawkins, A., Dollahite, D., & Draper, T. (2012). Successful Marriages and Families: 
                Proclamation Principles and Research Perspectives. Provo, Utah: BYU Studies.

Beware the green painted grass

The old saying, "The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence" implies that what others' have appears to be better than what you have. In terms of marriage, this may mean that someone may think that they could have been happy if only they had married someone else.

So, let's talk lawns, metaphorically. In order to sell a house, some people literally spray paint their lawn green to make the house appear more attractive. The lawn could also be entirely fake synthetic grass, like what's used on football fields. But, in fairness, the lawn could also very well be greener.

What does all this turf talk have to do with marriage? Well, let's consider the painted grass. This could represent a false image that others are having an easier time in marriage than you are having. Fake grass may represent someone you are attracted to who doesn't seem to have major flaws like spouses you know. Since you don't really know what is going on behind closed doors and you don't really know what a person is like if you haven't lived with him/her for a few years, you shouldn't allow yourself to be fooled by fake or painted grass.

But, what if the grass really is greener? Think for a moment what that means. It means that the homeowners know a little something about growing green grass. They've learned about it, worked at it, pulled the weeds, aerated and fertilized when needed. Who knows, they may even have hired a professional from time to time. The point is, all grass has the potential for greenness if both parties learn a little something about grass and work hard to make it that way. If you don't learn how to tend grass, you're just going to destroy grass everywhere you go.

In my own marriage, my husband and I took the typical route. We went through the standard stages I discussed in a previous post, "Successful marriages don't just happen". We basked in the glory days of honeymoon-ism, stumbled through the "What was I thinking?" phase, and now after 21 years, we've finally reached marital bliss. We no longer have loud arguments, or disagree about anything really. We've learned to always be respectful of one another and listen intently with empathy and understanding. We've tackled every major obstacle together, and those obstacles have always brought us closer together. We've found our groove and life is good every single day.  Also, this is total baloney! You bought it though, didn't you? Well, it's tempting to hope for a time when marriage is easy and friction-free, and maybe we'll get to glimpse something like it before we die. But, I'm not holding my breath. The point is, it takes a lot of time and work to create marriages that bring real lasting joy. But, don't fool yourself into thinking that lasting joy is completely free of irritations. Lasting joy means deep love, loyalty, and commitment despite the irritations. Like my grandpa used to say, "If a married couple ain't arguing, somebody's takin' a lot of crap off someone else." I think what he meant was that if a couple seems content all the time, someone is probably getting walked on, therefore it's not a measure of marital success.

Look, deciding to stick it out and accept that there are some things that just won't change in this life-time takes a tremendous leap of faith. As a married couple, your job is not to fix the things about your spouse that bother you. While some fixing may be necessary, it's really about fine-tuning your patience and deepening your love and admiration for the good things about your beloved so that the little irritations become irrelevant to how you feel about him/her.

Marriage can be a grand journey with many lovely vistas and interesting side roads if your perspective is right. But, how can you appreciate a sunset on the summit if you won't stop dwelling on the mud in the ravine? (Sometimes I think I should write Hallmark greeting cards).

I know that there are times when ending a marriage is necessary. This isn't what I'm talking about. I'm saying that too often it's not as necessary as it seems. When family, friends and even marriage therapists are telling you to walk away, they are often just trying to end their pain, not yours. They care about you and want you to be happy right now. But, the statistics are overwhelmingly conclusive. The chance that you will be happier if you stick it out through the tough times is manyfold more than if you call it quits.

I can't begin to imagine my life if I had ended my marriage when things got tough, and boy were there some tough times. If you are wondering if it will ever get better, stop wondering and do something about it. Do whatever it takes to learn how to care for your marriage. Read books, take classes, pray like you've never prayed before, forgive like you've never forgiven before, apologize like you have never apologized before. I promise it's worth every effort, every penny spent, every other opportunity missed. Make your marriage your top priority and your marriage will carry you through all the others.

Our lawn still has some brown spots; literally and metaphorically. At least metaphorically, the brown spots are becoming fewer and fewer as dedicated work on them is lovingly maintained. We are climbing the vistas together and the view is magnificent!

How do you keep your marriage a priority? What is it that makes your marriage special or especially resilient? What have you learned that has changed the direction of your struggling marriage? 

Hawkins, A., Dollahite, D., & Draper, T. (2012). Successful Marriages and Families: Proclamation                  Principles and Research Perspectives. Provo, Utah: BYU Studies.

Mom, Dad, We Need To Talk

Well, I'm just going to say it. Men and women are different. We are anatomically, biologically, emotionally, socially, intellectually and spiritually different. And do you know what? That's a good thing. No, it's a great thing! I know it's not very popular in modern first world countries to acknowledge that women are better at some things and men are better at others, especially in regards to parenting. Equality has been made synonymous with sameness but it's just not, and I am so glad it isn't!


In studies conducted with parents of both genders, scientists have routinely found that the natural nurturer is unequivocally the mother. While fathers can also be nurturing, women are very different in their complex and subtle abilities to tune into their children. Neuropsychologists have discovered that mothers have a unique gift when it comes to their ability to help a developing baby's brain. Mothers are like skilled piano tuners who can hear subtle changes without the assistance of a tuning instrument. Mothers can literally sense minute changes in their child's emotions and needs and make nearly imperceptible adjustments to their interactions. The mother's endowment allows for the healthy cognitive and emotional development of children.

In my family, I can see this nearly every day. While my husband is a very loving man, he does not have the endowment of being as finely tuned into our children's needs in the same way that I am. Does this make me better than him? Not at all.

Here's where we take a moment to honor the dads. Yay, dads!

While scientists have found mothers to be nurtures and caretakers extraordinaire, they have found that the role of fathers is just as crucial to a child's healthy development. Here's some scientific evidence that fathers need applauding too. Good dads have preschool-aged children who have more empathy, self-control and yep, they're smarter. When dads are actively involved with their older kids, these kids act out less and are more emotionally stable. They are also more social and have fewer problems at school.

Fathers interact with their children differently than mothers and help children develop different parts of their brains. Through play like "roughhousing" children learn limits, respect, quick thinking and problem-solving. They also learn trust. This makes for some pretty decent kid qualities, not to mention translating into adulting later on.

All of these factors played out one day when my son was very young. He was probably only a couple years old and my husband was still a pretty new dad. They were roughhousing and playing together and having a great time. I saw a small problem though, my husband always "won". This meant my son always ended up tied up in knots or pinned down to the floor. The play was good for both of them but my mothering instincts were acutely tuned into how my son was feeling. I told my husband, you know, if you don't let him win once in a while, he'll get frustrated and won't enjoy playing with you anymore. At that moment, my son was benefitting from having two parents, equally yoked with different roles. He got the mental stimulation, as well as the understanding he needed, to have a perfectly balanced fun-filled growing experience.

A word of caution. The world has beaten women down for wanting to stay home and raise their children well. It has also sent a message to men that they are useless at home and fathering is irrelevant. Both messages are intended to minimize the importance of raising children and emphasize the glamour and allure of finding fulfillment somewhere other than your sacred home. This, you likely know. However, I would encourage each husband and wife to be intentional in honoring and building up your spouses in your sacred roles, because the world will not do it.

Men: never say things, or allow your wives to say things, like "stay at home moms don't work". It's degrading and just plain wrong. Never come home and look disappointed at an unkempt house or a late meal. Child-rearing is exhausting and emotionally taxing. Homemaking is secondary to well-tended children and an emotionally stable wife. And, I promise she has already beaten herself up about her failings. She doesn't need your help in that area. Never make her feel that you don't value what she does even if she doesn't do it as well as your mom did. Never make her feel that the money you earn is of more worth than what she is creating. If you don't value the sacrifices she made with her body, her time and her self esteem in a cruel world who only cares if she looks young and fit, nobody will.

Women: support your husbands as fathers. Remind them how important they are to your children. Encourage and praise them for playing and working with their children. Appreciate the efforts they make to teach and guide your family. Boost their self-confidence to be the spiritual leaders they are called to be. Ask their opinions, get their advice, TAKE their advice, get blessings often, pray for them and pray with them. Many men are intimidated by the naturally spiritual nature of women and would prefer to delegate the spiritual leadership to them. Support their patriarchal call and give them opportunities to succeed.

How do you support your spouse in their divine role? Comment below and tell me how you build each other up to be the best parents you can be?

Hawkins, A., Dollahite, D., & Draper, T. (2012). Successful Marriages and Families: Proclamation 
                Principles and Research Perspectives. Provo, Utah: BYU Studies.

Parenting Styles and Nurture vs. Nature.

As an idealistic youth, I watched as parents made the most obvious of parenting mistakes. I then judgmentally decided what I would never let my children get away with. I knew that children needed limits and to hear the word no. I knew that I shouldn't give my children everything they wanted because it would spoil them. I knew that children should never talk back or be given in to when behaving poorly. I knew parents should control their children and never allow the reverse. Of course, I would allow them to choose their own sports, musical instruments, spouses and careers. But, what else was there that I wouldn't know better than they did?

One day I was driving with my uncle to go visit my nieces. He told me the most frightening thing I had ever heard up to that point. He said, "Kids come to you with their personalities already intact. They aren't yours, they are God's." I had never once considered that I couldn't mold, control and determine the eternal destiny of each of my future children.

After that, I had decided that the best I could do was teach them good habits and manners and hope that I didn't do anything to really mess them up. As I learned more about parenting, I realized it was a bit more complicated than that. You know, nature versus nurture and all that. So, how much influence do we really have as parents? As it turns out, quite a bit.

Research done on children with a moderate genetic predisposition to mental illness showed that home environments can play a crucial role in whether or not the mental illness is manifested. One study followed adopted children who had a schizophrenic parent. Schizophrenia appeared as genetically expected but only in children who were adopted into dysfunctional families. Children who were adopted into functional families were less likely to develop the illness.

So, does that mean that if you have a child with mental illness it's your fault? Not necessarily. Remember good science uncovers far more questions than it ever answers. The point is that we need to create the best environment for our children's growth and development as we can humanly and reasonably manage. While children do come from God with eons of practice developing their precious personalities, how they fair in this life isn't all predetermined destiny. You do have some influence.

So, what's the key to good parenting? Well, there are several, balance, creativity, patience, etc. And, there are several parenting techniques you can adopt. But, the most effective strategy overall is to have the right general parenting style.

There are 3 main styles that parents tend to fall into, permissive, authoritarian and authoritative. Let's look at each.

Permissive parents are the easy-going type who don't really get too involved in the actual rearing of their children. They love their children a lot but they have no real expectations for them. They allow their children to be free spirits and don't do much disciplining or teaching.

The natural outcome of this type of parenting is children who are aren't skilled at regulating their emotions or behaviors. They don't have the safety of knowing what appropriate boundaries are and they suffer with poor social skills and low achievement.

Authoritarians are on the opposite end of the spectrum. They have difficulty showing love and concern for their children's feelings but have very high expectations for achievement and/or behavior. This is the "my way or the highway" parent.

The saddest part about raising children with an authoritarian style is that the results are short term compliance that appears to work in the moment. Therefore, the practice is validated in the mind of the parent. However, the child learns to fear and avoid the authoritarian parent. They will usually rebel and occasionally retaliate. This will inevitably lead to a child who leaves home and never looks back.

Another problem arises with this style when it lacks structure. There may be some "house rules" but often these parents have a "you should have known better" attitude. Children learn they cannot trust a parent who tends to fly off the handle or impose strict punishments when no rule or expectation was given beforehand. In my opinion, this can cause children to have low self-esteem and even anxiety because they never know when they will set off the offending parent. They may turn out to be miserable over-achievers who spend their lives trying to earn their parent's approval (even after death) or underachievers who feel that they will never be able to please anyone.

Here's where we want to be. Authoritative parents have a deep love and high, but reasonable, expectations for their children. They listen with compassion and do their best to be fair. They also hold their children accountable for broken rules. This doesn't mean they are helicopter parents, though. Authoritative parents understand that children need a certain amount of responsibility and autonomy in order to truly grow in healthy ways.

This style of parenting allows trust to flow. Children understand that breaking rules have consequences but they also know that they will be listened to when things go wrong. Love and guidance are the hallmarks of healthy child development far more than discipline and conformity or wild abandon. Autonomy also allows children to feel their parents trust them and they, in turn, learn to trust themselves.

So, now that you have put yourself in a category (and, if you're like me, thoroughly judged yourself for your failures) it's time for some good news. Though most of us have permissive or authoritarian tendencies, if you care enough to be reading this, chances are you are authoritative much of the time already. You love your kids and want them to succeed in life, but maybe you feel the need to tweak some things.

With clear definitions in mind, you can decide if you need to learn to listen better before exacting punishments or make a short and manageable list of house rules with appropriate consequences. 

I'll admit I tend to lean toward permissive. I love my children, I listen to their problems and try to help them as much as possible. I have expectations of them and they have expectations of themselves. But, I have to admit, I hate asking them to clean anything. 

Am I right?

 Maybe I need to start my list of house rules by banning eye-rolling. What do you think would be an appropriate consequence for that? Maybe scrub the ceilings since they are looking that direction anyway. What can I say? The joys of raising teenagers.

So, are you authoritative, permissive or authoritarian and how do you know? Comment below and share your best parenting advice.

Parenthood is not for the faint of heart. Good luck out there!

Hawkins, A., Dollahite, D., & Draper, T. (2012). Successful Marriages and Families: Proclamation 
                Principles and Research Perspectives. Provo, Utah: BYU Studies.

Successful Marriages Don't Just Happen

Who knew that when you have only been married a few years and your children are small that you are completely expected to be the most miserable you will ever be in your marriage? Nope, you're not selfish beyond reason and your spouse is not the biggest jerk to grace the planet. This phenomenon is as predictable as the tides. Crazy, right? I know, nobody told me either!

Here's the thing, while reading a book about marriage last semester, I learned that all marriages go through 3 stages. 1) Romantic Love, 2) Disillusionment and Distraction, and 3) Dissolution; adjustment with resignation; or adjustment with contentment. Let's break this down. 

Number one is the famous "honeymoon phase". You are in such a state of euphoria that you can't imagine that two people have ever been in more in love than you and your soul mate. You've both basically convinced yourselves that you have surpassed the love of Wesley and Buttercup from The Princess Bride. I hate to break it to you, but most people think you're intolerable. But, it doesn't matter, does it? You have each other and that's all you need. *sigh*

(Honeymooners, bookmark this page before you leave - you'll be back!)

The second phase is when you realize that your knight in shining armor has the tenderness of a  neanderthal in the bedroom or that your delicate flower has become an insufferable nag. I call this phase the "Seriously, who does that?!" or the "What was I thinking?" phase as these are the daily mantras of this special time. If not navigated intentionally with a lot of love, empathy, prayer and (let's face it) maybe some counseling, This phase can honestly last for yeeeeears! This phase is marked, not only by a lot of bickering (or silence) but can morph into the famous "roommate syndrome". He comes home and plops in front of the TV until it's time for bed and she Facebooks until her eyes and fingers bleed. There's only one hope for this seemingly eternal phase. Moving to phase three.

The third phase is basically what you make it. There are three choices: leave; stay and deal with it; or stay and find joy in it. The beginning of this stage is defined by a question, "Should I Stay or Should I Go"? (All due credit is given to The Clash for this sticky little ditty which will likely replay unrelentingly in my mind for the rest of the semester). This question can be asked as many times as the song plays in your head, of course. However, it's when you give your final answer that you finally move into phase three. We'll discuss the pros and cons of these decisions in another post. For now, just know that getting unstuck from phase two is the goal.

This is exactly what I mean. See how patiently she watches as he cuts that cucumber all wrong?

No need to point it out. I'm just sayin'.

That's what this blog is all about. The ups the downs and the sidewinders of marriage and family life, and how to navigate them without losing your mind. Although let's be honest, there will be days you will feel you are losing your mind, or at least you may say to someone shorter than you, "Have you lost your mind?!"

To wrap this up, let's look at some things a couple can do to protect and nurture a strong and enjoyable marriage relationship.

President Spenser W. Kimball, former president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints said, "Soul mates' are fiction and an illusion, and while every young man and young woman will seek with diligence and prayerfulness to find a mate with whom life can be most compatible and beautiful, yet it is certain that almost any good man and any good woman can have happiness and a successful marriage if both are willing to pay the price."

So, how do you create a successful marriage; one that you find joy in and makes you want to stay? Here are some foundational principals for you to ponder.

1. Personal commitment to the marriage covenant. There's been a lot of research done on families and there have been two major findings as to why people stay together. They either stay out of "constraint" (financial dependency, children, etc.) or "personal dedication" (intentional decision and desire to stay). I bet you think I'm going to say "personal dedication" is stronger. Well, not always, while either motivation will work independently to a certain extent, research shows the most powerful glue is when you have both. (i.e. you desire to make the marriage work, and you have kids together).

2. Love and friendship. Here's something you may have heard, thought, or even said. "I love you, but I just don't like you right now". Married couples need to be in love and in friendship. Take the time to really understand each other. Learn your spouse's needs and love language. Talk as friends, respond positively to your spouse when they reach out to you and set goals to spend time together. Date nights are tremendously helpful in building a deep friendship that keeps the spark of love alive. Don't know where to start? Try giving compliments that are specific and unique to your spouse. Here are some examples: "I love spending time with you because your twisted sense of humor makes me laugh.", "You make me so proud when you make comments in class. You are really insightful and articulate.", "I love your laugh, it makes my whole day".

**Pro-tip for the guys. Saying "You're beautiful" is important for a woman to hear from you. But it is equally important that she gets compliments that have nothing to do with her looks. She wants to be loved for what's inside her, not just that she is pleasing to look at. It may be counter-intuitive, but telling a woman she is beautiful too often can backfire in the intimacy area. Never allow your wife to think that your feelings for her are shallow or superficial. Dig a little deeper and you may see it paying dividends.

**Pro-tip for ladies. Tell your husband what he's doing right and he will do it more often. You want him to stop helping with the housework? Tell him he's doing it wrong or that it's no big deal because you do ten times more than he does in a day. He wants to help you and make you happy and he will look for the best ways to do it. If making the money is all you appreciate, that's all he will do. 

3. Be equal partners in this lifetime gig together. This doesn't mean you necessarily divide household chores right down the middle. This means honoring each other's strengths and weaknesses. Having each other's back and working as a team toward a common goal. Appreciate each other, even with our imperfections. Understand each others' shortcomings so that you can find them adorable or worthy of your loving assistance rather than an aggravation.

If you do these things, you will find your soul-mate. Imperfect, needy, adorable, a blessing, and standing right before your eyes. 

So, as you think about what phase of life you're in, get your head around what is needed for you to make the next transition to the best and happiest married life you can have together with your spouse. Choose each other every day. Give selflessly to your spouse even if you are not getting selflessness in return. Chances are your spouse will need to be patient with you sometimes too. You will have more self-respect in the present and you could affect a very joyful future together.

What is your spouse's greatest strength? What do you love about him/her? What is one battle you can let go of, today? Share your experiences so we can all learn and be edified together.

All my best wishes for a beautiful and happy family life!

Gottman, J. M. (2015). Principia amoris: the new science of love. New York, NY: Routledge.
Hawkins, A., Dollahite, D., & Draper, T. (2012). Successful Marriages and Families: Proclamation                  Principles and Research Perspectives. Provo, Utah: BYU Studies.
https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-spencer-w-kimball/chapter-18?lang=eng